Steve Evans asked:


Aspirin and the related NSAR drugs act on the arachidonic acid biosynthesis cascade, which plays a central role in the onset of pain and inflammation. They thus prevent the synthesis of specific prostaglandins, which are essential for vital bodily functions. Aspirin is one of the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (known as NSAIDs) medicine but it does not increase the chance of a heart attack. Aspirin can cause bleeding in the brain, stomach, and intestines.

NSAIDs are sometimes also referred to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents/analgesics (NSAIAs). The most prominent member of this group of drugs is Ibuprofen (Advil and Motrin).

Aspirin as prescribed by your doctor for reasons such as heart attack or stroke prevention (i.e., non-arthritis doses, between 81-325 mg per day) should be discussed with your doctor before combining with this medicine. Caution is advised when using this medicine in the elderly because they may be more sensitive to the side effects of this medicine, especially stomach bleeding and kidney effects. Aspirin generally isn\’t usually prescribed for pain and can be very dangerous for children under 16 to take. Aspirin and the other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenases, leading to a decrease in prostaglandin production.

Aspirin and the related NSAR drugs act on the arachidonic acid biosynthesis cascade, which plays a central role in the onset of pain and inflammation. They thus prevent the synthesis of specific prostaglandins, which are essential for vital bodily functions

NSAIDs can be used as simple pain killers (analgesics), but paracetamol is usually preferable, as it is likely to have less unwanted effects, and costs less. They are most useful in conditions which cause inflammation. NSAIDs also come as creams and gels that you rub into your skin for joint or muscle pain. You can rub these gently into the painful area three or four times a day for up to a week to relieve pain. NSAIDs have less potential for abuse than opioids; physical dependence on these medications has not been reported.

NSAIDs may cause side effects. The most common are stomach upset, heartburn, and nausea. NSAIDs should not be taken while undergoing Prolotherapy because they inhibit the inflammation caused by the treatment. For that matter, anyone with chronic pain should consider stopping NSAIDs and starting Prolotherapy.

NSAIDs can also increase your risk of serious effects on the stomach or intestines, including bleeding or perforation (forming of a hole). These conditions can be fatal and gastrointestinal effects can occur without warning at any time while you are taking an NSAID.

Inflammation is a hot topic in medical research. San Diego found a link between inflammation and cancer in the form of a specific protein. Inflammation is simply a physiologic response process generated by the body in response to injury, infection, or irritation. In acute stages, the inflammatory process is vital to the healing process; however, chronic inflammation can increase disease- associated morbidity. Inflammatory is tightly related to immunity . Berberine (or plant material containing berberine) has also been documented as having anti-microbial, antitumour and anti-inflammatory properties as an oral medicine.

Patients must address all medical concerns with their physicians. This article is provided strictly for entertainment use only, has been written by a non-medical expert and must not be relied on.

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Mark Bevan asked:




Migraine Treatment

Fortunately, managing migraines have become possible in the last decade. Although there is still no cure, medications can help reduce the frequency of migraine and stop the pain once it has started. The right medicines combined with self-help remedies and changes in lifestyle can make a tremendous difference in migraine management.

A variety of drugs have been specifically designed to treat migraines. Migraine medications are broadly divided into:

Pain-relieving medications- these drugs are normally taken during migraine attacks and are designed to stop migraine symptoms that have already begun. Preventive medications: Taken regularly, often on a daily basis, these drugs reduce the severity or frequency of migraines.

Pain-relieving medications: These drugs must be taken as soon as the signs and symptoms of a migraine are experienced. They consist of:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These medications help relieve mild migraines but aren’t effective for severe migraines. If taken too often or for long periods of time, these drugs can lead to ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding and rebound headaches.

Triptans: For people with severe migraine attacks. They are effective in relieving migraine associated pain, nausea and sensitivity to light. Side effects of triptans include nausea, dizziness, muscle weakness and, rarely, stroke and heart attack.

Ergots: Ergotamine, a common prescription medication for more than 60 years now, was used before triptans were introduced. Ergotamine, however, is not as effective or as expensive as triptans. Dihydroergotamine is an ergot derivative that is more effective and has fewer side effects.

Anti-nausea medications: Since migraine attacks are often accompanied by nausea with or without vomiting, medication for treatment of these symptoms is usually combined with other medications like metoclopramide (oral) or prochlorperazine (oral or rectal suppository).

Butalbital combinations: Medications that combine the sedative Butalbital with aspirin or acetaminophen are sometimes used to treat migraine attacks. These medications, however, have a high risk of repeat headaches and withdrawal symptoms. It is for this reason that they should be used infrequently.

Opiates: Medications containing narcotics, particularly codeine, are sometimes prescribed to people who can’t take triptans or ergots. These drugs can be addictive and are usually used only as a last resort.

Preventive medications: These drugs can reduce the frequency, severity and length of migraines as well as increase the effectiveness of symptom-relieving medicines. These drugs include:

Cardiovascular drugs: Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and antihypertensive medications, commonly used to treat high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, can reduce the frequency and severity of migraines. Considered among first-line treatment agents, these drugs can have side effects which include dizziness, drowsiness or lightheadedness.

Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants can positively prevent all types of headaches, including migraines. These medications may reduce migraines by affecting the level of serotonin and other brain chemicals.

Anti-seizure drugs: Although unclear, some anti-seizure drugs seem to prevent migraines. In high doses, however, these anti-seizure drugs may cause side effects, like nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, hair loss and dizziness.

Cyproheptadine: This antihistamine specifically affects serotonin activity. Doctors sometimes give it to children as a preventive measure.

Botulinum toxin type A (Botox): Some people receiving Botox injections for facial wrinkles have noted improvement in their headache. It is believed that the drug causes changes in the nervous system, modifying a person’s tendency to develop migraines.

Managing migraine

Whether or not you take a form of medication for migraine, small lifestyle changes and can help manage migraines better, both in terms of how often they occur and the severity of symptoms. Establishing a daily routine, eating and exercising regularly, waking and going to bed at the same time every day will undoubtedly help to manage migraines.

In addition, you must learn to things that may cause migraines. The challenge is to learn about your own independent triggers so that migraine management becomes easy. Moreover, keeping a written record of migraine attacks, including what you eat, drink, or do, can help you spot a particular trigger.

Limiting your caffeine intake, i.e. coffee, tea or cola drinks per day will prove to be beneficial because caffeine withdrawal is a potent headache trigger. Cutting out foods with migraine triggering ingredients is also a good idea.



Tramadol

Nowadays joint pain is a common disease and people aren’t aware of the fact that if we let it aggravate, it can affect the quality of our life. Joint pain can be quite bothersome and the more severe types of pain will certainly make you consult a doctor and take the adequate treatment. Nevertheless, the most important aspects in the treatment of joint pain are prevention and rest.

One of the most frequent joint pains, knee joint pain is often involved in rheumatic diseases and immune diseases which affect the joints. Our knee joint has three compartments and the most common causes of knee joint pain include injuries, degeneration, arthritis, infections and rarely bone tumors. Usually, knee pain is a consequence of overuse, inadequate stretching and not warming up or cooling down during physical activities. Another cause of knee pain is overweight.

If a simple knee joint pain can be cured by means of rest and self care, we suggest calling a doctor if you cannot bear weight on your knee, the knee is deformed, you have a severe pain, you still feel the pain after a couple of days of rest. According to the severity of the knee joint pain, your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs or he may inject a steroid which reduces pain and inflammation. If you suffer from severe pain, you may also consult a physical therapist. In some cases of severe knee joint pain, you may need a joint replacement or surgery.

Treatments for knee joint pain depend on the cause and the gravity of the problem. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the cause of your symptoms, before beginning a treatment. If you are not sure of your diagnosis or of the gravity of your condition you should see a doctor in order to have an adequate treatment. The most common treatments for joint pain are rest, ice and heat application, physical therapy, stretching, anti-inflammatory medication and cortisone injections.

Another common joint pain which shouldn’t be neglected is elbow joint pain. When it comes to elbow injuries, the most frequent treatment is rest, due to the fact that most elbow injuries are caused by overuse. A limited usage of the elbow will significantly reduce elbow joint pain. In the case of a more severe pain, the doctors can recommend a heat therapy, which increases circulation and accelerates healing. Cold therapy is used in order to reduce the swelling and the pain.

Cortisone injections are used for a severe elbow joint pain, since they alleviate the pain and the swelling, but the drawback is that they can deteriorate the ligaments after repetitive doses. Surgery is the last option at your disposal, just as it is in the case of knee pain and other types of joint pain. Although elbow joint pain can be treated, do not let it aggravate if you experience any symptoms.

If your elbow joint pain doesn’t go away in a couple of days of rest, we suggest consulting a doctor. He will be able to establish the causes of your pain and to prescribe you an adequate treatment. Furthermore, he can recommend you a chiropractor or a physical therapist. Thus, you can make sure that the pain won’t aggravate and that it will disappear with the proper treatment.

Although most people tend to ignore joint pain, thinking that it will go away without treatment or rest, this is not the case with most joint pains. As a consequence, we strongly advise you to take care of your health and to treat joint pain from the very beginning. By doing this, you will avoid any possible aggravations and you won’t have any unpleasant surprises.



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